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Use modal plus have plus a past participle to comment on an earlier event. Choose must have for a strong deduction, might have or may have for possibility, could have for an available but unreal option, should have for past advice, and cannot have for a strong negative deduction.
Use must when the evidence makes something seem very likely, may, might, or could when it is one possible explanation, and can't or couldn't when the explanation does not fit the evidence. For a past deduction, use modal + have + past participle.
Use must plus a base verb for a strong positive deduction, might or could plus a base verb for a possible deduction, and can't plus a base verb when something is impossible. Use be after the modal when your conclusion describes a state or place.
Mundane means ordinary and not very interesting, especially because something is a familiar part of daily life.
Mundane means ordinary, familiar, and often a little uninteresting. Use it for everyday tasks, details, or concerns when their lack of excitement matters to the meaning.
Put the negative auxiliary before the subject: Don't you agree? or Isn't the train due soon? Use a negative question when you expect a particular answer or want to show a reaction. A plain question is usually more neutral.
Nihilism is a family of views that rejects or questions the idea that life, values, knowledge, or authority has an objective basis. Use the surrounding topic to show which kind of nihilism is meant.
Use nominalisation when you need to name an action, quality, or idea as the subject or object of a sentence. For example, change "The company expanded" into "the company's expansion" when the expansion itself is the topic.
Nostalgic means looking back fondly on the past, often with some sadness. It can stand alone or take about or for to name the memories; these patterns overlap.
Use a noun clause when you need to name information, a question, or a fact as part of a larger sentence. After verbs such as know, think, ask, and explain, use a clause as the object: I know that the office is closed. In a clause after a question word, use statement order: I know where the keys are, not where are the keys.
Find the head noun first. Then put short, familiar details before it and use phrases or clauses after it when the detail is longer or more specific.
Obsequious means too eager to please or obey someone important, usually in a way that seems insincere or excessive.